Introduction : Constitutional Position and Role
The President of India serves as the head of state and the first citizen of the country. As outlined in Articles 52 to 78 of Part V of the Constitution, the President is a key figure in the Union Executive, symbolizing the unity, integrity, and solidarity of the nation. While largely ceremonial, the office holds significant constitutional authority and responsibilities.
Election Process
The President is elected indirectly for a five-year term through an electoral college comprising:
- Elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
- Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states
- Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry
The election follows a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, and voting is conducted by secret ballot.This indirect election process was chosen by the Constitution makers to ensure harmony with the parliamentary system of government and to avoid the expenses and logistical challenges of a direct election by the vast electorate.
Qualifications
To be eligible for the office of President, a candidate must:
- Be a citizen of India
- Be at least 35 years old
- Be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha
- Not hold any office of profit under the Union or state government, or any local or public authority
Oath of Office
Before assuming office, the President must take an oath to:
- Faithfully execute the office
- Preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the law
- Devote themselves to the service and well-being of the people of India1
Term of Office
The President’s term is five years from the date of assuming office. Key points include:
- Eligibility for re-election with no term limits
- Ability to hold office beyond the term until a successor assumes charge
- The election must be completed before the expiration of the term
Impeachment Process
The President can be removed through impeachment for violating the Constitution. The process involves:
- Initiation by either House of Parliament
- Charges must be signed by at least 1/4 of the House members
- A 14-day notice period given to the President
- Approval by 2/3 majority in the initiating House
- Investigation and approval by the other House
- Removal upon approval by both Houses
The impeachment process is quasi-judicial and has never been invoked in India’s history
Significance in Indian Democracy
The President of India plays a crucial role in upholding constitutional values and ensuring the smooth functioning of democratic processes. The office serves as a symbol of national unity and integrity, representing India both domestically and on the international stage.